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1 vacuum
n1) вакуум (напр. политический)2) пробел•to create a vacuum — создавать вакуум (политический и т.п.)
to fill the vacuum — восполнять пробел; заполнять пустоту, заполнять вакуум
to fill vacuum created by smth — заполнять вакуум, возникший благодаря чему-л.
- military power vacuumto fill the power vacuum — заполнять вакуум, возникший в результате безвластия
- political vacuum
- power vacuum -
2 vacuum
1. noun2. transitive & intransitive verblive in a vacuum — (lit. or fig.) im luftleeren Raum leben
[staub]saugen* * *['vækjuəm] 1. noun2) (short for vacuum cleaner.)2. verb- academic.ru/79581/vacuum_cleaner">vacuum cleaner- vacuum-flask
- flask* * *[ˈvækju:m, pl -kjuə]I. n1.perfect \vacuum vollständiges Vakuum2.power \vacuum Machtvakuum ntsecurity \vacuum Sicherheitslücke fto fill/leave a \vacuum eine Lücke füllen/hinterlassen3.<pl -s>(hoover) Staubsauger m4.II. vt▪ to \vacuum sth etw [staub]saugen▪ to \vacuum up ⇆ sth etw aufsaugen* * *['vkjUəm]1. n pl - s or vacua ( form)2. nthis left a vacuum in my life — das hinterließ eine Lücke in meinem Leben
2) (= vacuum cleaner) Staubsauger m3. vtcarpet, living room (staub)saugen* * *vacuum [ˈvækjʊəm]A pl -uums, -ua [-jʊə] snature abhors a vacuum die Natur verabscheut das Leere2. PHYS Luftleere f3. figa) Leere fb) Lücke f:B adj Vakuum…C v/t (mit dem Staubsauger) saugenD v/i (Staub) saugen* * *1. noun2. transitive & intransitive verblive in a vacuum — (lit. or fig.) im luftleeren Raum leben
[staub]saugen* * *n.Leerraum -¨e m.Vakuum n. -
3 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
(1889-1970)The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
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4 valve
1) клапан; вентиль2) задвижка; затвор4) кран5) мн. ч. вентильная арматура•to time the valves — регулировать газораспределение ( двигателя)-
2-axis hydraulic contouring valve
-
3-axis hydraulic contouring valve
-
3-position spring-centered selector valve
-
ac solenoid hydraulic directional valve
-
accumulator charging valve
-
accumulator unloading valve
-
adjustable valve
-
admission valve
-
ahead maneuvering valve
-
air control valve
-
air filler valve
-
air valve
-
air-gap armature hydraulic valve
-
air-operated valve
-
air-starting valve
-
air-steam relief valve
-
air-vent valve
-
alarm valve
-
aligned-grid valve
-
amplifier valve
-
angle valve
-
annular slide valve
-
antibackfire valve
-
antiicing shutoff valve
-
astern maneuvering valve
-
atmospheric steam dump valve
-
automatic changeover valve
-
auxiliary loop isolation valve
-
auxiliary valve
-
back pressure valve
-
back valve
-
backfire bypass valve
-
backflush valve
-
back-seating valve
-
backwash valve
-
baffle valve
-
balanced needle valve
-
balanced valve
-
balanced-disk valve
-
balanced-gate valve
-
ball and scat valve
-
ball seating action valve
-
ball shear action valve
-
ball valve
-
ball-operated pneumatic valve
-
beam-power valve
-
bin slide valve
-
blade-control valve
-
bleeder valve
-
bleed valve
-
block valve
-
blowing valve
-
blowoff valve
-
blowout valve
-
bottom discharge valve
-
bottom dump valve
-
bottom-hole valve
-
brake application valve
-
brake cylinder release valve
-
brake hydraulic valve
-
brake transmission valve
-
brake valve
-
breathing valve
-
bulkhead valve
-
bullet valve
-
butterfly valve
-
bypass proportional valve
-
bypass valve
-
cam-operated pneumatic valve
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cargo oil valve
-
cargo valve
-
cartridge-type valve
-
casing fill-up valve
-
casing float valve
-
casing pressure operated gas lift valve
-
cement float valve
-
centrifugal reducing valve
-
changeover valve
-
charging valve
-
check valve
-
chimney slide valve
-
chimney valve
-
choke valve
-
Christmas-tree gate valve
-
Christmas-tree valve
-
combined stop and emergency valve
-
common slide valve
-
compartment valve
-
compensation valve
-
compression valve
-
compressor bleed valve
-
conditioned air emergency valve
-
conductor's valve
-
cone valve
-
control valve
-
converter valve
-
coolant flow-control valve
-
cooler bypass valve
-
copying valve
-
counterbalance valve
-
crankcase valve
-
crankcase ventilation valve
-
crossfeed valve
-
crude oil valve
-
cryogenic gate valve
-
cutoff valve
-
cutout valve
-
cylinder-operated pneumatic valve
-
cylindrical valve
-
damper valve
-
dc solenoid hydraulic directional valve
-
deceleration flow control valve
-
deceleration valve
-
deck drain valve
-
decompression pressure control valve
-
delivery valve
-
depress valve
-
detent-controlled valve
-
diaphragm seating action valve
-
diaphragm valve
-
differential lock valve
-
differential pressure control valve
-
differential relief valve
-
direct-acting valve
-
direct-admission valve
-
direction selector valve
-
directional control valve
-
directly operated valve
-
discharge valve
-
disk valve
-
distributing valve
-
distribution valve
-
diverter valve
-
double air-piloted valve
-
double-acting valve
-
double-check valve
-
double-seat valve
-
double-solenoid valve
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drain valve
-
dual block gate valve
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dual block valve
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dump valve
-
duplex valve
-
duplicator valve
-
eduction valve
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ejection valve
-
electric valve
-
electric-to-air valve
-
electrohydraulic servo valve
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electromagnetic valve
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electronic valve
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emergency closing valve
-
emergency valve
-
emergency-braking valve
-
en-bloc directional control hydraulic valve
-
engine start valve
-
engineer's brake valve
-
equalizing tester valve
-
equalizing valve
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escape valve
-
evaporator refrigerant valve
-
exhaust brake valve
-
exhaust valve
-
exit-juice valve
-
expansion valve
-
explosive valve
-
extraction valve
-
feeding valve
-
feed valve
-
feedwater valve
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fill valve
-
five-port control valve
-
five-port valve
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fixed flow control valve
-
fixed-dispersion cone valve
-
flap valve
-
flapper action valve
-
flapper valve
-
flat gate valve
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flat valve
-
flat-scat fuel valve
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Fleming valve
-
float valve
-
float-controlled gate valve
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float-controlled valve
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flooding valve
-
flood valve
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flow control valve
-
flow directing valve
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flow dividing valve
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flow metering valve
-
flow restrictor valve
-
flow safety valve
-
flow summarizing valve
-
flow-regulating valve
-
fluid check valve
-
flushing and boost valve
-
follow valve
-
follower-ring gate valve
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foot valve
-
foot-operated pneumatic valve
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force motor valve
-
forcing valve
-
four/three-way hydraulic directional control valve
-
four-port control valve
-
four-port valve
-
four-way directional control valve
-
four-way valve
-
free-discharge valve
-
fuel shutoff valve
-
fuel supply valve
-
fuel valve
-
fuel-lock valve
-
fume valve
-
gas charging valve
-
gas cylinder valve
-
gas lift starting valve
-
gas lift valve
-
gas reversing valve
-
gate valve
-
geared valve
-
globe valve
-
guard valve
-
guard's valve
-
gulp valve
-
hand-operated valve
-
heat control valve
-
high-head regulating valve
-
high-pressure gate valve
-
high-pressure relief valve
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holding valve
-
hollow-jet valve
-
hydraulic copying valve
-
hydraulic pressure gage selector valve
-
hydraulic valve
-
inclined valve
-
indirect-action valve
-
induction valve
-
injection valve
-
injector valve
-
inlet valve
-
in-line air valve
-
intake valve
-
intercept valve
-
interior differential needle valve
-
intermediate-plate type valve
-
internal check valve
-
inverted valve
-
ionic valve
-
isolation valve
-
jet action valve
-
jet-pipe valve
-
jettison valve
-
kelly safety valve
-
king valve
-
kingston valve
-
leak valve
-
lever safety valve
-
light valve
-
liquid-crystal valve
-
load dividing pressure control valve
-
lock emptying valve
-
lock filling valve
-
lock valve
-
low-cracking check valve
-
magnetic valve
-
main feedwater control valve
-
main loop isolation valve
-
main penstock valve
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main pipeline gate valve
-
main pipeline valve
-
main steam stop valve
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main tester valve
-
make-up valve
-
maneuvering valve
-
manifold air valve
-
manifold valve
-
manual valve
-
masked inlet valve
-
master control gate valve
-
master gate valve
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master valve
-
measuring valve
-
membrane valve
-
mercury arc valve
-
mercury valve
-
metering valve
-
mixer valve
-
mod-logic pneumatic valve
-
modular hydraulic valves
-
modular-type control valve
-
modulating valve
-
moisture drain valve
-
motor-operated valve
-
multiple station isolator valve
-
multiple valve
-
multiway valve
-
mushroom valve
-
needle seating action valve
-
needle valve
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neutralizer valve
-
new fuel entry valve
-
nonreturn valve
-
nozzle control valve
-
nozzle valve
-
oil drain valve
-
oil-controlled valve
-
oil-overflow valve
-
oil-pressure relief valve
-
oil-pressure valve
-
one-port control valve
-
one-port valve
-
one-stage valve
-
one-way control valve
-
one-way valve
-
on-off valve
-
open center valve
-
orchard valve
-
outboard valve
-
outlet valve
-
overflow valve
-
overlapped valve
-
overload valve
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overrun valve
-
overspeed valve
-
palm button operated pneumatic valve
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penstock valve
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pet valve
-
pig scraper launching valve
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pig launching valve
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pig scraper receiver valve
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pig receiver valve
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pilot overspeed valve
-
pilot valve
-
pilot-actuated valve
-
pilot-controlled valve
-
pilot-operated check valve
-
pilot-operated valve
-
pipe valve
-
pipeline valves
-
piston valve
-
piston-operated spool valve
-
plug seating action valve
-
plug shear action valve
-
plug valve
-
pneumatic control valve
-
pneumatic time delay valve
-
pneumatic valve
-
poppet valve
-
poppet-operated pneumatic valve
-
power valve
-
pressure control valve
-
pressure reducing valve
-
pressure regulating valve
-
pressure sequenced valve
-
pressure valve
-
pressure-vacuum vent valve
-
pressure vent valve
-
pressure-and-vacuum valve
-
pressure-compensated flow control valve
-
pressure-compensated valve
-
pressure-limiting valve
-
pressure-operated pneumatic valve
-
pressure-relief valve
-
pressurizer isolation valve
-
pressurizing cabin valve
-
priming valve
-
priority valve
-
production gate valve
-
production valve
-
proportional control hydraulic valve
-
proportional pressure control valve
-
proportioning valve
-
pump discharge valve
-
purge valve
-
push-button operated pneumatic valve
-
push-button valve
-
quarter-turn valve
-
quick exhaust air valve
-
rebound valve
-
rectifier valve
-
reducing valve
-
reed-type valve
-
reed valve
-
re-entry valve
-
register valve
-
regulating valve
-
relay valve
-
release valve
-
relief valve
-
replenishing valve
-
restrictor valve
-
retaining valve
-
retardation valve
-
retarder valve
-
retrievable valve
-
return valve
-
reverse Tainter valve
-
reverse valve
-
reversible flow metering valve
-
revolving valve
-
ride control valve
-
roller-operated pneumatic valve
-
rolling lift valve
-
rotary directional hydraulic valve
-
rotary disk operated pneumatic valve
-
rotary valve
-
safety valve
-
sampling valve
-
sand valve
-
scour valve
-
screw-down valve
-
screw valve
-
scupper valve
-
sea-suction valve
-
seating action valve
-
seat valve
-
selection valve
-
selector directional control valve
-
selector valve
-
self-sealing hydraulic valve
-
sequence valve
-
shaft valve
-
shear action valve
-
shrouded valve
-
shutoff gate valve
-
shutoff valve
-
singe-seat valve
-
single solenoid valve
-
single-acting valve
-
single-stage valve
-
sleeve valve
-
slide valve
-
sliding plate shear action valve
-
sluice valve
-
snap-in valve
-
snort valve
-
sodium-filled exhaust valve
-
solar panel valve
-
solenoid valve
-
solenoid-operated hydraulic valve
-
sphere valve
-
spherical valve
-
sphincter valve
-
spool operated pneumatic valve
-
spool valve
-
spray valve
-
spring centering directional control hydraulic valve
-
spring centralized air valve
-
spring offset valve
-
spring operated valve
-
spring-loaded valve
-
standing valve
-
start valve
-
steam dump valve
-
steam valve
-
steering-damping control valve
-
stop valve
-
straight flow valve
-
straight-through valve
-
suction valve
-
supply valve
-
surface-controlled gas lift valve
-
surge damping valve
-
swing disk seating action valve
-
swing-check valve
-
tank manifold valves
-
tank valves
-
tank-pipeline valve
-
tapered-seat valve
-
taper-seat valve
-
telescopic valve
-
telltale valve
-
thermionic valve
-
thermostatic expansion valve
-
thermostatic valve
-
three-port control valve
-
three-port valve
-
throttle valve
-
throttling direction control valve
-
thyristor valve
-
tidal valve
-
tilting disk check valve
-
time delay valve
-
toggle valve
-
tractor breakaway valve
-
transmission spark control valve
-
traveling valve
-
treadle-operated pneumatic valve
-
trip tester valve
-
tube valve
-
tubing pressure operated gas lift valve
-
tubing safety valve
-
turbine inlet valve
-
turbine shutoff valve
-
twinned-regenerator valve
-
two/two-way hydraulic valve
-
two-port control valve
-
two-port valve
-
two-position pneumatic valve
-
two-stage valve
-
two-way control valve
-
two-way valve
-
uncoupling valve
-
underlapped valve
-
unloading valve
-
vacuum valve
-
vapor valve
-
variable load valve
-
variable valve
-
vent valve
-
ventilation valve
-
venting valve
-
washout valve
-
water valve
-
water-gate valve
-
waveguide valve
-
wedge gate valve
-
wedge valve
-
wedge-action valve
-
wet armature hydraulic valve
-
whistle valve
-
zero-lapped valve -
5 Torricelli, Evangelista
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 15 October 1608 Faenza, Italyd. 25 October 1647 Florence, Italy[br]Italian physicist, inventor of the mercury barometer and discoverer of atmospheric pressure.[br]Torricelli was the eldest child of a textile artisan. Between 1625 and 1626 he attended the Jesuit school at Faenza, where he showed such outstanding aptitude in mathematics and philosophy that his uncle was persuaded to send him to Rome to a school run by Benedetto Castelli, a mathematician and engineer and a former pupil of Galileo Galilei. Between 1630 and 1641, Torricelli was possibly Secretary to Giovanni Ciampoli, Galileo's friend and protector. In 1641 Torricelli wrote a treatise, De motugravium, amplifying Galileo's doctrine on the motion of projectiles, and Galileo accepted him as a pupil. On Galileo's death in 1642, he was appointed as mathematician and philosopher to the court of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. He remained in Florence until his early death in 1647, possibly from typhoid fever. He wrote a great number of mathematical papers on conic sections, the cycloid, the logarithmic curve and other subjects, which made him well known.By 1642 Torricelli was producing good lenses for telescopes; he subsequently improved them, and attained near optical perfection. He also constructed a simple microscope with a small glass sphere as a lens. Galileo had looked at problems of raising water with suction pumps, and also with a siphon in 1630. Torricelli brought up the subject again in 1640 and later produced his most important invention, the barometer. He used mercury to fill a glass tube that was sealed at one end and inverted it. He found that the height of mercury in the tube adjusted itself to a well-defined level of about 76 cm (30 in.), higher than the free surface outside. He realized that this must be due to the pressure of the air on the outside surface and predicted that it would fall with increasing altitude. He thus demonstrated the pressure of the atmosphere and the existence of a vacuum on top of the mercury, publishing his findings in 1644. He later noticed that changes in the height of the mercury were related to changes in the weather.[br]Bibliography1641, De motu gravium.Further ReadingT.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.A Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1976, Vol. XIII, New York: C.Scribner's Sons.A.Stowers, 1961–2, "Thomas Newcomen's first steam engine 250 years ago and the initial development of steam power", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34 (provides an account of his mercury barometer).W.E.Knowles Middleton, 1964, The History of the Barometer, Baltimore.RLHBiographical history of technology > Torricelli, Evangelista
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Vacuum — This article is about empty physical space or the absence of matter. For other uses, see Vacuum (disambiguation). Free space redirects here. For other uses, see Free space (disambiguation). Pump to demonstrate vacuum In everyday usage, vacuum is… … Wikipedia
vacuum — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun ADJECTIVE ▪ perfect ▪ cultural, moral, political, spiritual ▪ The writer criticized the moral vacuum in society. ▪ … Collocations dictionary
vacuum — I UK [ˈvækjʊəm] / US [ˈvækjuəm] / US [ˈvækjum] noun Word forms vacuum : singular vacuum plural vacuums * 1) [countable] physics a space that has had all the air and any other gases removed from it 2) [singular] a feeling that something is missing … English dictionary
vacuum — vac|u|um1 [ vækjuəm, vækjum ] noun * 1. ) count an enclosed space that has had all the air and any other gases removed from it 2. ) singular a feeling that something is missing, or a situation in which something is missing: political/power vacuum … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
